CS101 Introduction to Computing Course Midterm Short Notes and short questions answers

What is a client side script?

It’s a small program that is a part of Webpage and run on the Clients, they interact with the user

to collect information or to accomplish the tasks. When it succeeded to collect the information

they pass the collected information to Server-Side Script.

Advantages:

Reduced Server Load

Reduced Network Traffic

Don’t send incomplete/incorrect/missing data to user’s browser.

Disadvantages:

Don’t work with all Browsers

Scripting may be turn off by user

Increases the complexity of the Webpage.

What is JavaScript?

It’s a programming language and designed to work with browsers developed by Netscape

and designed to develop small program called Client-Side Scripts and that can used in

HTML WebPages. JavaScript is a Case Sensitive language, and it is an interpreted language and

supports Event-Driven programming & it’s also a Object Based.

Some Things That JavaScript Can’t Do:

JavaScript can’t do “Read” “Modify” “Rename” “Delete” “Create”

What Is Object?

It is a named collection of methods and properties.

Types of Object:

There are three types of object

1 JavaScript objects (are part of JavaScript like window, document)

2 Browser objects ( are that objects that contain information about itself)

3 User-defined objects

What Is Method?

Methods are function that are used to manipulate with the Object like (window. close)

Here (window is a Object and close is a Method)

What Is EVENT HANDLERS?

Objects are made up of methods and properties, many object also have event handlers. “Events”

are action that occurs with user interaction with the internet browser.

What Is Programming?

A process in which we tell the computer what needs to be done or what to do.

Types Of Programs:

There are two types of programs

1 Batch Programs

2 Event – Driven Programs

1) Batch Programs:

These program starts automatically via a scheduler like

Initializing the internal data

Reading input data

After reading process that data

After processing print that data

(Important) > No user interaction on those types of programs

2) Event – Driven Programs:

These program starts with user interaction e.g. Microwave Oven, GUIs, Camera

Events that user Does: It’s when user click the mouse button

Things the system itself Does: It’s when system automatically updating the Clock

Loops

Conditions

All Types Of Program Consist Of:

Sequence of instruction

Types Of Programming Languages:

Machine Language (Low Level Programming Language)

Assembly Language

High – level Language (High Level Programming language)

Object Oriented Language

Database Query Language

Procedural Language

Machine Language:

Consist of numbers only & 0s and 1s and this language is not close to human language &

difficult to understand by the computer user. Each type of microprocessor has its own Machine

Language; this is only a language that a computer understands easily without any translation.

Assembly Language:

That type of language that lay between Machine Language and High-Level Language.

High – Level Language:

In High-Level language you write code in English language. This language is user

friendly, because user can understand the code easily e.g. C++, COBOL, V.B, FORTRAN.

Object Oriented Language:

In object oriented language work is done on the object action, this language is better than

Procedural Language e.g. JAVA, C++.

Database Query Language:

In Database Query Language records are kept in tables permanently and each table is

related with each other e.g. now a days SQL is used for this purpose.

Procedural Language:

In Procedural languages program is written in a sequence e.g. COBOL, FORTRAN.

What Is Compiler?

Compiler is a program that translates the whole program from bottom to top or top to

bottom at a time. It tells you all errors in your program at a time and it is faster than an

interpreter.

What Is Interpreter?

Interpreter is also a translator that translates the program line by line. It doesn’t translate

the whole program at a time. It doesn’t tell all errors in your program but it tells you line by line

and it is slow in speed.

What Is Software Life – Cycle?

It is a sequence of phases we can say that it’s a step of new born to death.

Simple Software Life Cycle:

Concept & Feasibility (what needs to be done, what should be in it, has any scope) User

Requirements (what user want in his website, possible solution needed, lose form) Developer

Specification (how much developer make, structured form) Planning (think & plan that how to

make it) Design (comes after reading developer specification)Implementation (design

is complete now it’s time for coding) Integrating & Testing Operation & Maintenance Retirement

What is Variable?

We can say that Variables are the References of DATA like (x < 6) here x is a Variable.

What is Identifiers?

These are the names used by JavaScript to refer to Variable.

What is JavaScript Literals or JavaScript Data Types?

A data or value that appears directly in a statement and it has several types some are

Numbers (e.g. 24, -32000, 9.230)

String (e.g. “”, “Umer”, “Where is She”) should be matching pair or in single or double quotes.

Booleans

Undefined

Types of Operator:

Arithmetic Operators (e.g. +, -, *, /, %, ^)

Comparison Operator (e.g. a= =b, a!=b, a>b, a>=b, a<b, a<=b,)

Logical Operators (e.g. a && b, !a)

What is Array?

Array is an indexed list of elements; we can say that it is container that holds a value

What is a Pseudo Code?

Pseudo Code consists of short, English phrases used to explain specific tasks within a program's

algorithm.

What is Website Navigation?

The interface/controls that Website provide to the user for accessing the various parts of

Website.

What is Computer Network?

Computer network mean where multiple computers are connected together to share

information.

Components of Computer Network:

Computers

Network interface Cards (NIC) (NIC communicate over a network)

Hub (network traffic controller)

Cables (either electrical or optical)

Protocols (rules governing of communication over a network)

What is Hub?

Hub is a device that is used to connect several computers through a network, it has

several ports, and we can say that Hub is a network traffic controller. E.g. any computer on the

network wants to send message to other computer on the same network first send to Hub, now

Hub broadcast it to specific one.

What is Packet?

Packet is a smallest unit of data that is transmitted over a computer network. Any message that is

transferring over the network is broken into small packets and these packets travel independently

and each packet contains the following information:

Sender’s Address

Destination Address

Data

Error Recovery Information

Types of Computer Network According to the Network Access policy:

There are two types of computer networks according to network access policy.

Private Networks

Public Networks

Virtual Private Network

1. Private Networks: -

Organizations have many computers to connect them on the network, they usually

connect those computers via Private Network and these computers are restricted only authorized

computer access them. The purpose of these computers is to exchange the information to other

computers within the organization and to protect from the outsiders.

2. Public Networks: -

All networks that are not private are Public Networks. The communication

equipment used in these networks is generally used by the user.

3. Virtual Private Network

VPN is a secure, private network. VPN is use for public telecom infrastructure,

maintaining privacy through security procedures.

Types of Computer Networks:

There are three types of computer networks.

LAN (Local Area Network)

WAN (Wide Area Network)

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

LAN (Local Area Network):

Local area network is digital communication system in which you can connect a large

number of computers in a limited geographical area. Limited geographical area means less than 1

Km across.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

A wide area network is digital communication system; it connects the computer with a

great distance, typically across cities or even countries. E.g. ATM of bank

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

MAN is a network that interconnects user with computer resources in geographical area

or region, larger than that covered by a large LAN but the smaller than the area covered by a

WAN.

Connecting LAN to other Network:

There are some devices that connect LAN to other networks, these devices called special

purpose devices.

Routers

Bridges

Gateways

Modems

What is Routers?

Router is special purpose device that control the flow of data or you can say Traffic

Controller and he examines the destination to flow the information on efficient path.

What is Bridges?

Bridge is situated between 2 LAN’s means a separate connection, but similar network and

passes the information through LAN.

What is Gateways?

Gateway is more complex device than Bridge. Gateway is special purpose device that

translate between networks that are using different types of communication protocols.

What is Modem?

Modem is a special purpose device that connects two computers via Telephone line.

Modem stands for modulator or demodulator.

Modulator converts computer messages to electrical pulses (suitable) over a telephone line.

Demodulator converts electrical pulses received over telephone line into messages.

Network Topologies:

There are four types of network topologies.

Star

Ring

Bus

Point-to-Point / Peer-to-Peer

What is Star Topology?

It is designed with each node connected directly to a central network called Hub. Data on star

network passes through the Hub before continuing to its destination. If any of the local

computers fail, the remaining portion of the star network is unaffected. Multiple messages sent

simultaneously on star.

What is Ring Topology?

No server is required. In ring topology, computers are connected on a single circle of cable. It is

more reliable than the star network because communication is not dependent on a single host

computer.

What is Bus Topology?

No server is required for bus topology, in this topology the data or messages sent to one

computer to another computer directly, if any nodes goes down the rest of the network won’t

affected.

What is P2P Topology?

This type of topology is less expensive, have limited connectivity and used to connect

two LANs to form a WAN.

Types of Networking Protocol:

There is two types of networking protocols, these are

Ethernet protocol

Token Ring Protocol

What is Ethernet Protocol?

This type of protocol checks the shared connection before transmitting the message is it

in use or not.

What is Token Ring Protocol?

This protocol passes the special message through network called a Token. When any

computer receives the token has permission to send that packet or token to other one.

Types of Communication Channels:-

Wire (twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber)

Wireless (laser, radio, cellular, satellite)

Key characteristics of these channel is Bandwidth

What is Bandwidth?

Capacity of carrying the data of communication and it is measured in bits e.g. (bps, kb/s,

Mb/s)

What is Internet?

Internet enables to share information with others from all over the world; it is very less

expensive utility and accessible to every humankind. Internet is accessible from every where of

the world and this is fastest growing technology. Internet is for public any one from any where

can access and do anything and intranet is for private, limited access.

What is TCP/IP?

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP breaks down the

message to sent over the internet into packets, when message reached to its destination TCP

convert it to its original form.

Tools that are Available on the Internet:

Electronic mail (POP, SMTP) Post Office Protocol, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Instant messaging (MSN, YAHOO, ICQ, AOL)

Remote login (Telnet)

File transfer protocol (FTP)

Network news (nntp) Network News Transfer Protocol

World Wide Web (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) www, http

VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)

What is DNS?

Domain Name System is the way where Internet domain names are located & translated

into IP addresses and they get updated continuously.

What is SMTP?

Simple mail transfer protocol is a protocol used to send or receive email messages over a

TCP/IP.

What is POP3?

Post office protocol is used for receiving email messages.

What is VOIP?

Voice over IP is tool, in this we can delivered the voice to one device to another using IP.

Event Handling Functions:

What is Pixel?

Pixel is a smallest image displays on a computer screen. Computer has the ability the change the

color of individual pixel.

What is Dithering?

In this scheme, pixels are used to simulate a color that is not present in the platelet.

What is Aliasing?

Computer screen consist of square-ish pixels & when we draw a single line, they don’t

show the single line show pixels in staircase this is aliasing. Aliasing can be managed by

reducing the size of pixel.

What is Anti – Aliasing?

OnClick

onDblClick

onMouseOver

onMouseDown

onFocus

OnBlur

onReset

onSubmit

onLoad

onUnload

Anti Aliasing is another technique used for managing the “Staircase” effect.

What is Vector or Object Oriented Graphics?

These graphics are independent in resolution, and are in small size, they can be moved

easily can be starched, duplicated, deleted. E.g. (swf, svg, wmf, ps)

What is Bitmapped or Raster Graphics?

These types of graphics are difficult to move, changing the resolution may cause lose some

pixels and these graphics are heavy in size e.g. gif, jpg, bmp

Popular Formats on Web:

Gif (Graphical Interchange Format)

Jpg (Joint Photographic Experts Group)

Swf (Shockwave Flash)

What is (Artificial) Intelligent System?

AI is a system that designed to perform complex task, and might work like human brain.

What is Neural Networks?

Used to make human brain, original inspiration was brain. Now it is use as computational

tool

What is Fuzzy Logic?

Fuzzy logic is a principles of the approximate reasoning and faculty that human faced

with linguistic ambiguity.

What is In-Line JavaScript Event-Handling?

Event handlers placed in the body portion of a webpage in form of HTML tags it has

three types.

Identifier of the event handler

the equal sign

Statement is enclosed with single or double quotes.

What is Data Integrity?

Integrity refers to maintaining the correctness and consistency of the data. Integrity can

compromised in many ways like (Typing errors, Transmission errors, Bugs, Viruses)

Correctness Free from all errors

Consistency No conflicts among related data

Types of Integrity:

There are four types of integrity

Type Integrity (used to specify the data type e.g. credit card 12 number)

Limit Integrity (used to limiting the data to specified ranges e.g. age of person shouldn’t be -ve)

Referential Integrity (used for reference of data that exist in the database)

Physical Integrity (used for backup)

What is DBMS?

Database Management System is SW that operates a database, DBMS take care of the

storage, retrieval, and the management of the data in large sets on a database. DBMS can add,

delete, modify, make queries and produce reports and also summarize the required contents.

What is Database?

Database is a collection of data that is organized in such a fashion that the computer can quickly

search for desired data. Database consists of a collection of interrelated computer files.

What is Relational Database?

Database consists of two or more related tables called relational databases.

What is Primary Key?

Primary key is a field that uniquely identifies the record, stored in a table.

What is Queries?

Queries are used to view, change, and analyze the data; queries can combine the data of

different tables.

What is Forms?

Forms can be used for entering, editing, or viewing the data.

What is Reports?

Reports are user friendly way of presenting the data and it is very effective tool.

What is Data Mining?

Data mining is process of analyzing large database to identify the patterns.

What is Drones?

Drones are computers with weak security schemes that are used by hackers for DoS attack.

What is meant by DOS Attack?

DOS means Denying of Service.

What is Warfare?

Warfare means to disable the enemy this is the main goal of warfare and that goal can be

achieved by killing off the communication systems of the enemy army.

What is Website Spoofing?

Website spoofing is the act of creating a website, as a hoax, with the intention of misleading

readers that the website has been created by a different person or organization. The objective

may be fraudulent, often associated with Pashing or e-mail spoofing. E.g. (give credit card

number to online shopping Website)

What is Viruses?

Viruses itself has no value they attached with other files to make them useless.

Types of Viruses

Malicious (harmful viruses, can destroy the private data and stop to doing useful work)

Neutral (not harmful viruses, just display an annoying message)

What is semantic Web

Semantic Web’s will be designed for computers to understand meaningfully.

What is the problem with Brute Force Strategy approach?

Solution:-

Doesn’t scale well with the size of the problem

What is software design methodology?

Solution:-

The set of (often flexible) rules and guidelines a team of developers follow to construct

reasonably complex SW systems

Brute Force Strategy approach?

Doesn’t scale well with the size of the problem

What is software design methodology?

The set of (often flexible) rules and guidelines a team of developers follow to construct

SW systems. The set of (often flexible) rules and guidelines a team of developers follow to

construct.

What is the name of HTML tag, that has Href attribute and What is the Purpose of Href?

Solution:-

<A HREF = “action” > label </A>

It is used to to create Links between pages, or we can used it as “mailto” function.

Write three characteristics of JavaScript.

Solution:-

(1) JavaScript has numerous operators, classified in many categories.

(2) Terminate all JavaScript statements with a semicolon. It is not always necessary, but

Highly recommended.

(3) JavaScript ignores any extra white spaces or line breaks that you put in the code

(4) Although JavaScript allows variable declaration, it does not require it - except in the case

Give reasons why we need semantic web?

Solution:-

Whereas, today’s Web’s content is designed for humans to read; the Semantic Web’s content

will be designed for computers to understand meaningfully. However, the

Semantic Web is not a replacement but an extension of the present Web, in which info is given

well defined meaning

What are the two key features of UNDO command in MS-Excel ?

Solution:-

1. Allows you to recover from your mistakes

2. Allows you to experiment without risk Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 )

What is the Brute Force Strategy?

Answer: A strategy in which all possible combinations are examined and best among them is

selected. Brute force (also known as brute force cracking) is a trial and error method used by

application programs to decode encrypted data such as passwords or Data Encryption

Standard (DES) keys, through exhaustive effort (using brute force) rather than employing

intellectual strategies.

Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 )

What is java script?

Answer: JavaScript is an object-oriented scripting language used to enable programmatic

access to objects within both the client application and other applications.

It is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript, implemented as an integrated

component of the web browser, allowing the development of enhanced user interfaces and

dynamic websites

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 2 )

How can you explain control unit?

Answer: Control unit is a computerized part of the speech processor. Most of the controls,

such as program, volume and sensitivity, are located on the control unit.

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 )

How a designer makes Structured Design? Answer: Structured Design: Materials and member

type, size, and configuration to carry loads

in a safe and serviceable fashion.

In general, structural design implies the engineering of stationary objects such as buildings

and bridges, or objects that may be mobile but have a rigid shape such as ship hulls and aircraft

frames tructural design involves at least five distinct phases of work, project requirements,

materials, structural scheme, analysis, and design It is insufficient in most cases, for the designer

to consider a solution, a design. He should evaluate several alternate designs and choose the best

in the sense of maximizing such technical objectives as efficiency, reliability, and maintainability

while satisfying such design constraints as memory size and response time.

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 5 )

What is Turing machine? Who invented it and also explain how a Turing test is conducted?

Answer: A Turing machine is a theoretical device that manipulates symbols contained on a

strip of tape. Despite its simplicity, a Turing machine can be adapted to simulate the logic of

any computer algorithm, and is particularly useful in explaining the functions of a CPU inside

of a computer. The "Turing" machine was designed by Alan Turing in 1937.

The Turing test is a proposal for a test of a machine's ability to demonstrate intelligence. It

proceeds as follows a human judge engages in a natural language conversation with one

human and one machine, each of which tries to appear human. All participants are placed in

isolated locations. If the judge cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine

is said to have passed the test. In order to test the machine's intelligence rather than its ability

to render words into audio, the conversation is limited to a text-only channel such as a

computer keyboard and screen. If a computer pass the test ,we can say that a machine can think.

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 5 )

What are JavaScript literal and what are its types?

Answer: The raw data that make up the root of data types are called "literals." These are, in

effect, literally what they represent themselves to be. Numbers, strings, and Boolean values

make up the core set of literals in JavaScript. Little mystery exists with literals, but important

differences exist between them. In JavaScript, data types include strings, which are simply

quoted characters, numbers, Boolean, Objects and even a type which has no value at all, Null.

Since JavaScript is a loosely typed language, you don't necessarily need to know what type of

data every value is (although it certainly helps).

Every piece of data in these categories is known as a value. When a value is referred to

outright in a statement, it is called a literal value. For the same reason people are identified by

names as opposed to "human" or "person", literal values can be named in order to make

repeated reference to them practical, efficient and readable. These names are called variables.

Literals can be of several types. Some of them are:

Array Literals

Boolean Literals

Floating-Point Literals

Integers

Object Literals

String Literals

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 )

Define URL

URL(Uniform resource locator)

URL (Uniform Resource Locator, previously Universal Resource Locator) - is the

address of a file (resource) accessible on the Internet. The type of file or

resource depends on the Internet application protocol.

Examples of URLs: http://vu.edu.pk

http://www.yahoo.com

Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 )

What is Randomized Algorithm?

Randomized Algorithm:

Any algorithm whose behavior is not only determined by the input, but also values produced by

a random number generator These algorithms are often simpler and more efficient than

deterministic algorithms for the same problem. And because of their simplicity they are easier to

analyze which is the most important thing in the decision making of an algorithm.

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 2 )

What was the name of first super computer. When it was introduced?

CRAY1 is the first computer and it was introduced in 1973

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 )

How a designer makes Structured Design?

Structured Design is known as a Top-down design.

The designed first conceives about the High level design and then further

designs the details of the high level design components and it goes on and on.

Making small changes in the functionality of the systems sometimes leads to

major re-design exercise. Structured design separates the functionality from

programs data and that’s why program’s designed by this methodology are

difficult to maintain.

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 5 )

Why microprocessor uses the binary number system and not the decimal or any

other number system?

The processor is the logic of a computer and functions comparably to a human central nervous

system, directing signals from one component to another and enabling everything to happen. A

microprocessor is made from miniaturized transistors and other circuit elements on a single

semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) . These are made up of semiconductor and silicon.

Microprocessors are composed of components which has only two states either 0 or 1. Binary

number system is also composed of these two states. Microprocessor till today only understand

the machine language and machine language is only based on binary number system. Even

today’s 64 bit microprocessors are also based on this technology.

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 5 )

Why do we need an Interactive Form in a webpage?

1. Interactive forms are used to gather user data and interact with the user.

2. Forms can be made interactive with the use of client side scripting and server

side sciprting.

3. In HTML, <FORM> </FORM> tag is used to insert the form in a web page and it

always lie in <BODY></BODY> html tag.

4. without form’s web site is only “READ ONLY”.

5. with the help of forms a user and can search the contents, place order for goods

and services.

6. Forms can be simple or very complex, based on the requirement.

7. forms can contain a single element or many e.g text area, buttons

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 )

What is the key feature of batch programs?

Batch files are useful for running a sequence of executables automatically

Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 )

13. Name two languages which are used for client side scripting?

JAVASCRIPPT /NETSCAPE

What is the purpose of MODEM?

THE PURPOSE OF MODEM IS MODULATE AND DEMODULATE THE ELECTRONIC

ANALOG PULSES OF THE COMPUTER TO PULSES THE PHONE SYSTEM M CAN HANDEL.

21. Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 )

What is Home Page of a web site?

The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform

Resource Locator (URL) called the homepage. The URLs of the pages

organize them into a hierarchy, although hyper linking between them

conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's

navigation of the sit

34. Question No: 32 (Marks: 5)

What is the difference between Interactive-mode and Batch-mode Application?

Software?

Batch files are useful for running a sequence of executables automatically and are often

used by system administrators to automate tedious processes while interactive mode

applications attract the attention of user this kind of applications cannot execute until

User have interest to execute and complete the process.

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 )

What is the key feature of object-oriented design?

ANSWER: The key feature of object-oriented design is that it treats everything as object having

Properties and methods. These objects are separately treated and designed and once designed

it can be used in any other system. So once designed can be used many times.

Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 )

Write one purpose of using spreadsheets?

ANSWERS: Purpose of spreadsheets is that it can do calculations on data accurately.

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 2 )

List down two advantages of writing Pseudo Code

Answers: The advantages of pseudo code are:

• It is quite similar to human language so easy to understand.

• It is close to real code so easy to write real code from it.

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 )

How can we calculate total number of rows in the truth table?

ANSWER: The formula for calculating number of rows in truth table is 2

Where n = number of inputs

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 5 )

Differentiate between Vector graphics and Bit-mapped graphics.

ANSWER:

VECTOR GRAPHICS

1. Treat everything as an object

2. Is resolution independent

3. Relatively small size

4. Example: Corel Draw

BIT MAPPED IMAGES

1. Treats everything as a bit map.

2. Resolution dependent

3. Large files

4. Example: Microsoft Paint

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 5 )

Write differences between Shareware and trail ware software.

ANSWER:

SHAREWARE

1. These are shared freely.

2. It is given without payment ahead of

time.

TRIALWARE

1. Software is offered for a trial period.

2. When the period is expired it is no

CS101 Introduction to Computing Course Midterm Short Notes and short questions answers

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