Write down the partition process for Bengal?
ANS: The Partition of Bengal in 1947 divided Bengal into the two separate entities of West Bengal belonging to India, and East Bengal
belonging to Pakistan. This was part of the Partition of
India and officially took place during August 14-August 15, 1947 . East
Bengal was renamed East Pakistan ,
and later became the independent nation of Bangladeshafter the Bangladesh
Liberation War of 1971.
Question No: 18 ( Marks: 2 )
What did Muslim gain from the Lucknow Pact?
ANS: The most significant achievement of this pact for the Muslims
was that for the first time the Congress had recognized the Muslim League as a
representative body of the Muslims of the sub-continent and they were granted
separate electorates in the provincial as well as in Imperial Legislative
Council.
Question No: 19 ( Marks: 3 )
Write a short note on The Quit India Movement 1942?
ANS: The Quit India Movement (Bharat
Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in
response to Mohandas Gandhi's
call for immediate independence. Gandhi hoped to bring the British government to the negotiating table.
Almost the entire Indian National
Congress leadership, and not just at the national level, was
put into confinement less than twenty-four hours after Gandhi's speech, and the greater number of the
Congress leaders were to spend the rest of World War II in jail...
Question No: 20 ( Marks: 5 )
Explain the Evolution of Two-Nation Theory in the
Subcon?
ANS: The Two-Nation Theory was the basis for the Partition of
India in 1947. It stated that Muslims and Hindus were two separate nations by
every definition, and therefore Muslims should have an autonomous homeland in
the Muslim majority areas of British India for
the safeguard of their political, cultural, and social rights, within or
without a United India.
The Two-Nation Theory is the ideology that the
primary identity of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent is their religion, rather
than their language or ethnicity, and therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nationalities, regardless of ethnic or other
commonalities.This Theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement (i.e. the
Ideology of Pakistan), and the Partition of India in 1947.
Question No: 21 ( Marks: 10 )
What were Delhi Muslim Proposals? Discuss in detail.?
ANS:
Important Muslim leaders on the initiative of the
Quaid met in Delhi
_ Punjab and Bengal : statuary Muslim majorities
_ No Weightage in provinces
_ Sind to be
separated from Bombay
_ Constitutional Reforms in NWFP
_ One-third seats for Muslims in Central Legislature
_ On communal issues, no law will be passed if
three-fourth members of the
concerned community oppose it.
If these demands are accepted, they will give up
‘separate electorate.’ Subsequently, the Muslim
League was divided in the Punjab ,
Shafi League and Jinnah League. Sir Muhammad Shafi
opposed Jinnah on the issues:
_ Separate electorate
_ Attitude towards the Simon Commission. Jinnah
continued his unremitting efforts
to promote Hindu-Muslim unity.
Question No: 17 ( Marks: 2 )
Write a very short note on Pakistan National Movement
in 1940?
ANS: The Pakistan
Movement refers to the independence movement of Pakistan
Question No: 19 ( Marks: 3 )
What were the main points of Lucknow Pact?
ANS: The main clauses of the Lucknow Pact were:
1. There shall be self-government in India
2. Muslims should be given one-third representation in
the central government
3. There should be separate electorates for all the
communities until a community demanded for joint electorates.
4. System of weightage should be adopted.
Question No: 20 ( Marks: 5 )
Write a note on The Communal Award, 1932?
Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced the Communal
Award:
1. Separate electorate for all minorities of India
2. Weightage to minorities
3. No Muslim majorities in Punjab
and Bengal as was followed in Lucknow Pact
4. One third representation for Muslims in Central
legislature
5. One fourth representation for Muslims in services
6. Sind to be made a
province
ANS: Question No: 21
(
Marks: 10)
What were the main steps that
were adopted towards the partition of Indian Subcontinent?
ANS:
Question No: 1
( Marks: 20 )
Write a detailed note on the impacts of Khilaphat Movement on
Indian politics.
ANS:
The Khilafat
movement (1919-1924) was a pan-Islamic, political campaign launched byMuslims in British India to influence the British government and
to protect the Ottoman Empire during
the aftermath of World War I. The position of Caliph after the Armistice of Mudros of
October 1918 with the military occupation of
Istanbul and Treaty of Versailles(1919)
fell into a disambiguation along with the Ottoman Empire's existence. The movement
gained force after the Treaty of Sèvres (August
1920) which solidified the partitioning
of the Ottoman Empire[1].
In India Lucknow Ottoman
Empire faced dismemberment. Under the leadership of the Ali Brothers,
Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali, the Muslims of South Asia launched the historic Khilafat Movement to try and
save it. Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi linked the issue of Swaraj with the
Khilafat issue to associate Hindus with the movement. The ensuing movement was
the first countrywide popular movement.The Muslims of India had a strong
feeling of identity with the world community of Islam. They had seen the
decline in the political fortunes of Islam as the European powers conquered the
Muslim lands one after the other. The Anglo-Russian convention of 1908 had
reduced their next-door neighbor Iran Afghanistan Russia Britain Ottoman Empire was the only Muslim power that had maintained
a semblance of authority and the Muslims of India wanted to save the Islamic
political power from extinction.
As an institution, the
Khilafat had a checkered past. It had originally migrated from Medina Damascus Damascus Baghdad Egypt Turkey
The European powers had played a leading role in
reducing the might of Turkey Europe to Eastern
Thrace , Constantinople and the
straits in the Balkan Wars (1912-13). To seek revenge, the Turks decided to
side with the Germans against the Allied Forces. The Indian Muslims supported
this decision.
Muhammad Ali argued that for Muslims to accept
mandates over Iraq Syria Palestine
1. To maintain the Turkish Caliphate.
2. To protect the holy places of the Muslims.
3. To maintain the unity of the Ottoman
Empire .
Although the Khilafat Movement failed to achieve its
declared objectives, it carried political awakening to large masses of Muslims.
It was during the Khilafat days that representatives of Indian Muslims came
into contact with eminent personages from other Muslims countries to save the
semblance of unity in the world of Islam.
The Khilafat Movement was an asset for the struggle of
Pakistan
Question No: 2
( Marks: 20 )
Do you think that it was a failure of democracy which led to
imposition of Martial Law in 1958? Give your opinion.
ANS:
Question No: 3
( Marks: 20 )
(a) Dissolution of the First Constituent Assembly 5
The first Constituent Assembly came into existence
under Indian Independence Act 1947. The elections were held in July 1946 to
decide the destiny of the All India Muslim League (AIML)’s claim that it is the
only representative party of the Indian Muslims that desire separate homeland, Pakistan Pakistan
In October 1954, GG (Governor General) dissolved the
cinstitutional assembly that was challenged in the Sindh court by Maulvi
Tamizuddin. The court declared the dissolution illegal but the Federal Court
upheld the GG action but asked for setting up an elected CA.
.
(b) 1973 Constitution 5
Constitutional Committee comprising National Assembly
(NA) members from all parties was set up in April 1972. Law Minister was the
Chairman of this Committee.All parties agreed on the future political system in
October 1972. The Committee reported on December 31, 1972 . After long deliberations
and compromises final draft was approved
unanimously on April 10, 1973 . The new Constitution was enforced on August 14, 1973 .
(c) General Mirza Aslam Beg 5
General Mirza
Aslam Beg, born 2
August, 1931, is a retired four star rank general who
was the Chief of
Army Staff of
the Pakistan Army succeeding
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq,
after the latter died in an air crash on
August 17, 1988. He continued to hold the powerful post of Army Chief till
1991, when
his political ambitions forced the then President Ghulam Ishaq Khan to
nominate General Asif Nawaz as
the new Army chief three months prior to Gen Beg’s retirement
(d) Importance of Cotton export 5
The
importance of cotton can hardly be over emphasized in the economy of Pakistan Pakistan
*Total Marks
are 40
.
Question No. 1
What were the salient features of the Minto-Morley Reforms?
This act was another step towards giving Indians more
representation in the Government.
This act provided,
_ Expansion of Legislative Councils
_ Central: Additional members up to 60
_ But official majority remained there.
_ Provincial: Size varied in different provinces.
_ Bombay Madras Bengal , UP: 50
_ Non-official majority
_ Not all the members were elected.
_ Powers of the Councils were increased. Now
_ Budget could be discussed. Members were allowed to
present Resolutions and put up questions.
_ Executive Councils were formed for Bombay Madras Bengal and Lt.Governor Provinces
_ Elections were to be held by University Senate, District
Boards, Municipal Committees, Zamindars, and Chambers of Commerce.
_ Separate Electorate was accepted for minorities.
Question No.2
Marks: 20
Short Questions (Answer should not exceed
more than five lines each).
(a) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
The greatest
Muslim reformer and statesman of the 19th Century, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was born
in Delhi
(b)
Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar
Sardar
Abdur Rab Nishtar was born on June
13, 1899 at Peshawar.In
College February 13, 1958
and was laid to rest in the courtyard of Quaid-e-Azam's mausoleum.
1. Federal system with residuary powers with the
provinces
2. Provincial autonomy.
3. Separate electorate for Muslims.
4. Effective representation to minorities in the
provinces but the majority should not
be reduced to minority
5. One-third representation of Muslims in Central
Legislature.
6. One third Muslim representation in cabinets.
7. No changes in the boundaries of the Punjab and Bengal that
would adversely
affect Muslim majority.
8. Religious freedom to all.
9. No law will be passed if three-fourth elected
members of a community declare
that it is against their interests.
10. Sind to be made a
separate province.
11. Constitutional Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan.
12. Muslim representation in govt. jobs.
13. Constitutional safeguards for Islamic culture and
civilization, education,
language, personal laws and Muslim institutions.
Government should provide financial
assistance.
14. No constitutional amendment unless all constituent
units of the federation agree
to it.
(d) Sir Sikandar Hayat
Hayat, Sikandar, Sardar Sir (1892-1942) Statesman. A political
figure in *British India and a graduate of the
Aligarh London Punjab .
From 1935 to 1936, he served as Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India Punjab .
Elevated as Governor Punjab, he died in office in 1942.
(e)
Separate Electorates
The ideology of Pakistan
Total
Questions: 6
QuestionNo.1
Marks:20
What were the problems faced by the newly
state of Pakistan
ANS: The attainment of independence brought an end
to one phase of the struggle and marked the beginning of a new one for setting
up and running a viable, stable and prosperous state. Pakistan Pakistan
1. New Administration
2. Division of Assets
3. Integration of
Princely States
4. Communal Riots and
Arrival of Refugees
5. Canal water and
trade issues
1: New Administration
The shortage of
trained human power especially senior officers was a serious problem in the
setting up of federal
government in Karachi India
shortage of office
space, equipment and furniture. This disturbed the direct connections between
the federal
government and provincial governments. On the other hand, the provincial
governments were
overburdened that needed very accurate connection between the centre and
the provinces to
solve the problems of the Muslim refugees who had nothing to eat, drink, wear,
rest, etc. To counter
the critical situation, the official system should have been efficient but due
to
the lack of all these
facilities the administrative authorities were painfully facing difficulties.
2: Division of Assets
The Indian government
was not cooperative for transfer of record and equipment to Pakistan
The civil
administration was not handing over the promised financial, military, and other
shares
that created
mountainous hurdles to eradicate the pains and miseries of the refugees.
Financial Assets
The full financial
share of Pakistan
transferred that were
not sufficient to meet the expenditures of the newly born state. The
Indian government was
so reactionary that it tried its level best to block these funds to
suffocate the newly
born Muslim state as they expected foolishly that Pakistan
collapse and rejoin India
funds until Gandhi’s
threat of marn bert (fast until death). Under this pressure, more funds
were sent in early
1948 but no installment was later paid.
As far as the problem
in dividing man power there was no serious setback because the
division was not in
the hand of third person and Muslims were free to come to their
dreamland, Pakistan
obstacles in the Pakistan
damaged stuff was
sent by India Pakistan
Reorganization of the
Armed Forces was another tough job and the there was no army
officer up to the
rank of colonel. The shortage of experienced officers convinced British
officers to continue
their services. This also accelerated undue promotion in the military
services to fill the
gap.
3: Integration of Princely States
There were over 560
princely states in India India
states had joined India
Mountbatten. The
princes were inclined to honour every gesture of the British representative so
they conceded what
the member of the Royal family (Mountbatten) wished. The Hindu-British
conspiracy blocked
states to join Pakistan
Junagadh
It was a small state
with access to sea having about 7 lakh population and 3377 mile
area. The ruler was
Muslim while the majority of its population was Hindu. The ruler
decided to accede to Pakistan Pakistan
1947, the Indian
troops entered the state and took its control. The referendum favoured
It was geographically
big and financially a rich state. Its ruler was Muslim and majority
population was Hindu.
It was surrounded by India
stay independent.
Mountbatten discouraged him and signed Standstill Agreement. But
serious law and order
situation had developed. The state was integrated in India
The most important
state was Kashmir naturally connected with Pakistan
Hindu while
population was Muslim. The population inclined towards Pakistan
Hindu ruler declared
to join India
area and soon it
became widespread. The ruler sought Indian support. India
accession. On October 27, 1947 Indian
troops landed in Srinagar
their struggle for
independence and India
reference to the
people under the UN Resolutions.
4: Communal Riots and Refugees
The Communal riots
occurred earlier in August 1946. The killing of Muslims in Indian areas forced
them to leave India
organized gangs to
kill the Muslims. The refugee problem created critical condition in the border
areas. The massive
migration proved serious economic and humanitarian problems for the new
state. The military
was asked to help cope with the refugee problem.
5: Canal Water Problem
The major rivers flow
from Kashmir and some canal heads located in India India
water to some canal
that was a serious threat to agriculture in West Pakistan .
The Indian plans to
build water storage
on the rivers that are vital for Pakistan
also showed the
traditional anti-Muslim attitude. The World Bank settled the problem in
September 1960 (Indus Water Treaty).
affected Pakistan India Pakistan
economy and poor
industrial base. The beginning years of Pakistan
due to the India Kashmir . It had profound
impact on Pakistan
worldview and its
relations with India Pakistan
and the British
predicted the collapse of Pakistan
Muslims would realize
their blunder. They would be forced by the circumstances to go back to
join India PAKISTAN
with its problems.
Question
No.2
Marks : 20
Short Questions (Answer should not exceed
more than five lines each).
(a) Scientific Society
The
establishment of the Scientific Society is landmark in the educational movement
of Syed Ahmad. It was established in Ghazipur and then moved with Syed Ahmad to
Aligarh Aligarh Jan 9, 1864 . Its
main objective was to translate the classical works of English (Literature,
Science, Engineering and Agriculture) into Urdu. Its stated injective was to
“bring the knowledge and literature of the Western world within reach of the
immense masses of the people of the east. In 1866, the Society became “Aligarh
Institute Gazette” and continued to be published until Syed’ death.
. Iqbal presented a review of the political and social
situation of India
befalling India
The Muslims are not willing to submerge their
religious individuality. They have lack of trust, fear of domination from
Hindus. If the British want any sort of internal harmony it would be impossible
unless the communal question is settled. It’s historical reality that India
• If the Muslims have an opportunity to develop in
accordance with their Islamic
civilization and tradition, they would be willing to
sacrifice their lives for India
• Federalism cannot succeed without recognizing the
national identity of the
Muslims.
• Territorial
redistribution of British India on the basis
of religion has become a
need of time.
• Punjab ,
NWFP, Sind and Balochistan be amalgamated into
a state, self
government within the British empire or without it. The formation of such a
consolidated
North Western Muslim state
appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of
power.
• Islam is a people
building force in India
political identity to the
people.
(c) The Lahore
The Muslim League held its annual session at Lahore Lahore
Resolution was moved by Maulvi Fazlul Haq and seconded
by Ch. Khaliquzzaman that finally
approved on March 24, 1940 . Jinnah rightly expressed his valuable
remarks about the political
circumstances of India
“Indian problem is not communal but international. No
Constitution can work
without recognizing this reality. Muslims of India
will not accept a constitution
that establishes a government of the Hindu majority on
them. If Hindus and
Muslims are placed under one democratic system, this
would mean Hindu
Raj.”
(d) Achhut community
(e) i
: Describe the causes of the division of Bengal
and its impact on the Muslim politics in
the subcontinent
ANS: United Bengal ’s
area covered 189,000 sq. miles with 80 million populations. Dr Abdul
Hameedwrites in his book, Muslim Separatism in India
administrative scheme. East
Bengal became incidentally a Muslim majority province having
13000000 out of 31000000. West Bengal was a
Hindu majority province. Muslims were very happy on the partition as this had
enabled them to promote their life conditions. It was rightly an opportunity
for compensation. The Muslim community supported it strongly but Hindus
retaliated furiously saying it the division of motherland. The Congress joined
the anti-partition movement.They started widespread agitation, violence and
boycott of foreign goods. The main reason of
Hindu protest was that they had loosened grip over the
eastern parts.
Question No. 2. 20
Short Questions (Answer should not exceed
more than five lines each).
a: Risala Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-hind
Risala
Asbab-i-Baghawat-i-Hind written by ser syed ahmed khan in 1858.it
helped
both the nations to redress their grievances.
b:
Governor-General
Governor General could assign special tasks to any
members of the Executive Council.Important matters were to be discussed with
the Governor General.
Mountbatten wanted to be joint GG (Governor General)
of India Pakistan Pakistan August
15 1947 .
c: Home Rule League
The All
India Home Rule League was
a national political organization founded in 1916 to lead the national demand
for self-government, termed Home Rule
The
main aim of establishing the Home Rule League was
to agitate for the achievement of Home Rule for India
d: Nawab
Salimullah Khan
Nawab Salimullah belonged to the most prominent land owning family
of Bengal and was born in 1884 at Dhaka Nawab Salimullah was hardly seventeen year old when his father
died in 1901 and he became the 'Nawab of Dhaka' He was a great advocate
and champion of the cause of the Muslim rights and supported the plan for the
partition of Bengal.In 1908 Nawab Salimullah presided over
the all India Muslim Educational Conference. The annulment of the partition of
e: Sir Amir Ali
Syed Ameer Ali traced his lineage through the eighth Imam, Ali
Al-Raza, to the Holy Prophet (S. A. W.). He was born on
He died on August 4, 1928 in Sussex
Explain
the Cabinet Mission Plan and reaction of the political parties.
ANS: The British Cabinet
Mission of 1946 to India aimed
to discuss and plan for the transfer of power from the British Raj to
Indian leadership, providing India with independence under Dominion status
in the Commonwealth of
Nations. Formulated at the initiative of Clement Attlee, thePrime
Minister of the United Kingdom, the mission consisted of Lord Pethick-Lawrence, the Secretary of State for
India, Sir Stafford Cripps,
President of the Board of Trade,
and A. V. Alexander,
the First Lord of
the Admiralty. Lord
Wavell, the Viceroy of India,
did not participate. The Mission
1.
Hold preparatory
discussions with elected representatives of British India and the Indian states in
order to secure agreement as to the method of framing the constitution.
2.
Set up a
constitution body.
3.
Set up an
Executive Council with the support of the main Indian parties.
The approval
of the plans would determine the composition of the new government. The Congress Working
Committee had initially approved the plan. However, on 10
July, Jawaharlal Nehru,
who later became the first prime minister of India, held a press conference in Bombaydeclaring that the Congress had
agreed only to participate in the Constituent
Assembly and "regards itself free to change or modify the
Cabinet Mission Plan as it thought best."[2] The Congress ruled out the June
16 plan, seeing it as the division of India
The Muslim League gave
its approval to the plan. There was an impression that the Congress also had
accepted the scheme and the Plan would be the basis of the future constitution
of India Bombay Pakistan
Question No: 17 ( Marks: 2 )
Express Gandhi-Jinnah Talks, September 1944?
ANS: MK Gandhi did not accept the Hindus and Muslims as Two
Nations and emphasized on the freedom of united India
Question
No: 18 ( Marks: 2 )
Highlight The Second Roundtable Conference?
ANS: Maulana M. A. Jauhar had died after the first
conference. Iqbal, Jinnah and others
participated in the second conference. Gandhi
represented the Congress. The key issues
of the session were ‘Federation’ and ‘Minorities.
Question No: 19 ( Marks: 3 )
Briefly tell The Direct Action Day August 16, 1946?
ANS: August
16,1946 The ML’s timely
coercive political strategy brought the Congress on table with the British. The
Interim Government was formed under Nehru on September 2, 1946 and the ML stayed away.
They joined it on October 25, 1946 :
_ Liaquat Ali Khan
_ Sardar Abdur-Rab Nishtar
_ Raja Gazanfar Ali
_ Chundrigar
_ J. N. Mandal
There were a number of problems of smooth functioning
of the Interim Government due to the Muslim-Hindu differences.
Question No: 20 ( Marks: 5 )
Explain the Cancellation of the Partition of
ANS: The
cancellation of the Partition of Bengal was
announced in 1911.The British
government revoked the partition to avoid trouble on the visit of King George
V. The
Muslims were disappointed by the government response
to the violent strategy of protests
adopted by the Hindus.
Question No: 21 ( Marks: 10 )
Highlight Iqbal's vision of a separate Muslim state in
the Subcontinent?
ANS: VISION OF A SEPARATE
MUSLIM STATE
Men like Allama Iqbal are born but in centuries. He
was conscious of significance of Islam in lives
of the Muslims. His first public appearance was in
1899 at the annual session of Anjuman
Himayat-i-Islam in Lahore
At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas
and his poetry contained verses like Tarana-i-Hind. His poetry was a critique
of the existing societal conditions. Being educated from Europe ,he
knew all weak aspects of the Western culture. He criticized capitalism,
materialism and lack ofspiritualism.
IQBAL- Focus on the conditions of the Indian Muslims
Islam can salvage the Muslims
Islam has always saved Muslim
Islam is a living and dynamic ideology that can
meet modern challenges
Islam to help them to overcome their internal
discord and enable them to meet external challenges
With spiritualism based derived from Islam
Ijtehad and Reinterpretation
(READ: Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam)
Address to the Muslim League Session, Allahabad
I would like to see the Punjab ,
NWFP, Sind , Balochistan
amalgamated into a single state as a self government
within the
Muslims of N.W. India
Question
No: 21 ( Marks: 2 )
Briefly tell about the Relations between
ANS: Egypt Nasser had
some reservations due to Pakistan Pakistan Egypt Israel Nasser in 1970.
QuestionNo: 22 ( Marks: 2 )
Write
a very brief note on Land Reforms in
Ans:
Land Reforms are introduced from time to
time by different governments: in
1959, 1972, and 1977. The aim was to reduce land
holding and to strengthen the
position of tenants. It was done for improving yield
per acre and poverty alleviation in
agriculture field.
Question
No: 23 ( Marks: 2 )
What was the total
strength of the National Assembly under the 1956 Constitution?
The
President
was to be elected by National Assembly
(NA)
PM would be appointed by President. President could
not remove him unless he was
sure that PM did not enjoy the support of majority in
the National Assembly.
National Assembly was the only house of the parliament
having a membership of 300
plus10 women seats.
All legislative powers were rested with NA.
NA could control the Executive.
Question
No: 24 ( Marks: 2 )
Draw
attention to Junagarh issue.
It
was a small state with access to sea having about 7 lakh population and 3377
mile
area. The ruler was Muslim while the majority of its
population was Hindu. The ruler
decided to accede to Pakistan Pakistan
1947, the Indian troops entered the state and took its
control. The referendum favoured
Question
No: 25 (
Marks: 3 )
Briefly
tell about the issue of Islamic or Secular status of
From the very beginning of Pakistan Movement there was
an agreement that the state will have close relationship with Islam. Muslims
defined their national identity with reference to Islam and its heritage. Some
opposition came from the Congress members of the Constituent Assembly, and a
few secularists.
There was a BROAD AGREEMENT that the state will
identify itself with Islam. The Constituent Assembly took time to define the precise
relationship between the state and Islam.
Question
No: 26 ( Marks: 3 )
Write
down some line about the educational career of Allama Iqbal.
Iqbal began his education in a Maktab (Religious School).He passed his matriculation in 1893, and joined the
Scotch Mission College (now called Murray College) for his intermediate
examination. Iqbal passed intermediate with
honour and shifted to Lahore Government College
Question
No: 27 ( Marks: 3 )
Write
a note on the Geographical location of
Its area is 796,095
sq Kilometers.
.Question
No: 29 ( Marks: 5 )
What
do you know about the River/Cannal System in
The
river system of Pakistan Indus and other associated
rivers. We have a well defined Canal system. The most important one is the Indus Basin
What we require is the proper management of water, its
conservation, effective use, storage,dams and flood control. Water is dangerous
if it is too much, it become a problem if it is too little.It is used for
Agriculture where it is the backbone of agro-economy. It is also a cheapest
source of hydroelectric Power generation.
Question
No: 30 ( Marks: 5 )
Write
a note on the industrialization in
New
democratic government of PPP after assuming power adopted the policy of
nationalisation.Ten basic industries were nationalised. Later some others were
also taken over to have a greater state role. Initial euphoria ended and
industrial output suffered. It also caused flight of capital from the country.
Outline the criticism raised against the First
Report of Basic Principle Committee.
What were the
policies adopted by the Congress Government after the elections of 1937?
|
Write down
the names of the members of Simla Deputation?
The Simla
deputation comprised 35 Muslims
from all over
India.it was the most representative Muslim delegation. This delegation was
led by Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul Malik served as a secretary.
|
Briefly tell about The Cripps Mission, March
1942
|
Question No: 20
( Marks: 5 )
|
What is the
ideology of
|
Question No: 21
( Marks: 10 )
|
This report was severely criticized throughout the
country. It could not satisfy both the wings, East and West. The religious
group objected that the report contained nothing about Islamisation. On the
question of representation, the East Pakistan (EP) protested that their
majority had been denied by the Report. They remarked that they were thrown
into a permanent minority. The population of EP was slightly larger than that
of the West Pakistan (WP) but it was treated as the small provinces because
both the Houses were given equal powers. So the domination of WP was intolerable for the East wing. The language issue proved
subversive to the national solidarity.
Question No: 17
( Marks: 2 )
|
. First all Congress
governments in the provinces launched anti-Muslim drive basically to exclude
the ML and other Muslim organizations from the government making process. The
Congress leaders had come to know that the ML had got roots in the masses. They
started ‘Muslim Mass Contact’ movement to defame the ML in their favour. They
were making cultural and educational policies that promoted the Hindu culture
and symbols in the name of Indian culture. They introduced Banda-Mataram anthem
from Annandmath in the institutions and offices etc. The Hindi language was
given top most importance in their policies. Wardha Educational Scheme was to
convert Muslims into Hindus through primary educational literature. Projection
of Hindu heroes like Gandhi and distortion of Muslim history became their moral
creed. They followed the policy of
discrimination in services or new recruitment for
jobs. The Congress ministries adopted overall negative and cruel attitude,
especially towards the Muslim activists. This unjust treatment compelled the
Muslims to be disciplined in every sphere of life.
Question No: 31 ( Marks: 2 )
Define
Constitution?
Constitution
is a set of basic principles and framework for governance and exercise of
political power and legal authority. It clarifies the scope of power,
relationship among various institutions within the government and society. It
has precedence over ordinary laws and cannot be changed like ordinary laws.
Question No: 32 ( Marks: 2 )
How
many seasons are there in
Question No: 33 ( Marks: 2 )
What is Koh-e-Malik Siah?
Question No: 34 ( Marks: 3 )
In recent geopolitical scenario what role
The main
aims of features of ‘Foreign Policy’ are protection of- independence,
Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity. Primary concern is the SECURITY through
diplomacy and military security arrangements. National mobilization regarding Pakistan India
Question No: 35 ( Marks: 3 )
Define
agriculture and its role in any country’s prosperity
Question No: 36 ( Marks: 3 )
Write note on Islamic Research Institute under the
1962 Constitution?
Islamic Research Institute It was designed for the
Research and instructions in Islam for assisting the reconstruction of Muslim
society on truly Islamic lines.
Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 )
Write
a short not on
early 1990s. Now
declined due to a number of measures by the government but still it is higher
as
compare to the other
countries of the region. Census is taken after every ten years.
• More than 50 Percent
population is under the age of 21. A large part of this
population is
dependent.
• Add to this people
over 65 years.
• About 30 percent
population lives in urban areas.
• Why migrations to
urban areas: Education, jobs, facilities etc.
• Impact of
urbanization: Poor civic conditions, education, health, housing, town
planning etc.
• Provincial
population.
NWFP 14 percent
• Low literacy rate:
Official literacy rate is 46 percent but functional literacy rate is even
lower.
• Women literacy rate
is much lower. In certain areas of Baluchistan
women literacy is
nominal to
non-existent.
• Why population
figures are important. For Planning and development, Socio-economic
development and
poverty alleviation etc.
• Social development
indicators are poor in Pakistan
can be named. It
depends upon the resources. High population is asset as well as a
liability because we
cannot feed them.
• Efforts to manage population
are being done by the Government as well as by
non-governmental
organizations in the field of health care, family planning and education.
Question No: 38 ( Marks: 5 )
What were the Islamic Provisions introduced in the
Constitution of 1962?
Objectives Resolution
was the Preamble of the Constitution. Other Islamic provisions were a part
of Principles of
Policy and not the constitution.
Question No: 39 ( Marks: 10 )
Elucidate
interests,
cordiality, peace and non-interference in internal affairs. Pakistan
problems to be
resolved peacefully.
Relations with Major
Powers:
The nature of
relations with major powers has varied.
Pakistan-US relations
have been generally friendly but problems developed from time to time on
nuclear issue, arms
sales, Kashmir etc.
supported China
close relations in
all the areas including economic development and industrialization, defense,
science and technology,
environment and trade.
period of Cold War. Russia India Pakistan
On Kashmir
issue, her attitude has been pro India
Some economic
relations strengthened the bilateral relations when Russia
and technological
assistance to Pakistan Karachi
era, Pakistan
towards this goal.
Economic Issues,
Trade, Investment:
Greater importance is
attributed to the issues like economic development, direct foreign
investment and trade
relations in international relations. Foreign policy is linked with foreign
assistance from the
World Bank, IMF, Asian Development Bank, International Development Bank
and other sources.
Economic relations are both bilateral and multi-lateral. Technology, trade,
access to market and
investment are keys to the cordial relations between the two countries.
Muslim States:
Being Islamic
country, Pakistan
countries. It has
been a central point in the ideology of Pakistan Independence
Solidarity with the
Developing States:
poverty, disease,
famine, civil strife and border disputes, refugees and drug addiction.
maintained if
humanity is suffering.
Cooperation among
developing countries in the areas of economic and technical assistance,
trade and diplomacy
support to these causes should be enhanced.
Question No: 40 ( Marks: 10 )
Importance of
Education:
Education is a key to
development for individual, society and state. It shapes natural qualities and
talents of the
individuals. It has positive relevance to family and society. It also confers
citizens’
confidence to deal
with environment, a sense of purpose. Education provides a goal orientation
and is helpful to
others by educating them.
Education provides
entitlement to job and professions. It gives effective tanning to the citizens
about their rights
and duties. It plays a more constructive role in character building of the
person
and in turn society
as a whole.
Education should be
integrated to nation building and should be able to transmit the primary
values. Education
should be responsible for the formation of attitude.
It should transmit
socialization among individuals.
Education system is
designed according to the ideology of the state and its identity. Education is
the indicator of
socio-economic development. For the real progress proper educational facilities
should be provided.
Literacy rate should be enhanced. Trained and qualified human power can
make a nation
success. Only such educated people can better be equipped to deal with changing
situations and
challenges of the time. Education provides better understanding of
international
environment that
affects all of us. Islam asks Muslims to get education. Other religions also
value
education.
Resource allocation
for education is far from satisfactory. It is much less than what a large
number of countries
spend on education, especially those having developed after World War II.
Most of these
allocations go to salaries and administration.
Fewer amounts are
given for infrastructure, facilities of research and development.
Low Literacy:
In Pakistan
lower. In rural areas
literacy is much low.
Question No: 31 ( Marks: 2 )
Make clear International Relations as a field of
Studies?
Question No: 32 ( Marks: 2 )
Who was Justice Shahabuddine?
He was the former chief justice; he was the
chairman of a constitutional commission in 1960.
Very
shortly describe
In Pakistan
lower.
In rural areas literacy is much low.
Question No: 34 ( Marks: 3 )
How do
you see
Question No: 35 ( Marks: 3 )
Draw
attention to the Criticism on the 2nd Basic Principles Committee Report 1952?
The politicians
particularly from the Punjab deplored the
Report because formation of the UH on
the basis of
representation was not acceptable. It was declared against the principle of
federation.
The WP favoured
equality only for Upper House. The political crisis removed Prime Minister
Nazimuddin and
attention diverted from the core issue.
Question No: 36 ( Marks: 3 )
Very
shortly describe Distance Education in Pakistan
People do not go to
an institution but stay home and get education. This method is useful for
people in service and
for those living in remote areas. This is a method of Improvement of
qualification without
actually going to an institution.
It is a Flexible
system in which Lectures and tutorial system are used through media.
Examples are:
• Allama Iqbal Open
University.
Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 )
What
are the main problems that
There are number of
problems in our agriculture, for instance:
1. Outdated modes of
cultivation, which cause low per acre yield.
2. Water Logging and
Salinity.
Attention is being
given to these since mid 1960.
3. Crop diseases are
big problem. Technical support is being provided by
Department of
Agricultural. It helped to overcome the problem. Our inputs have problem
of quality, which
cause low prices in market. Other handicaps are low quality seeds,
costly fertilizers,
non-availability of electricity or oil for tube well etc.
4. Water related
problem, sometimes it is too little, but sometimes it is too much.
Cleaning of Canals is
also necessary to provide water at the end of canal.
5. Credit facilities
are also problematic.
6. Access to market
is difficult.
7. Availability of
reasonable price should be ensured for the welfare of the farmers
and high yield of
crop.
Question No: 38 Marks: 5 )
Describe the Background of the Constitution of 1962?
Background
Military took over on
7 October 1958
and consequently Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law
Administrator. One
major task was to frame a new Constitution. The administration was critical of
Parliamentary system
because it caused instability in the past. They sought stability of the nation
in the gradual
development of democracy.
Question No: 39 ( Marks: 10 )
What
were the main constitutional issues which
Major Issues
The major issues, the
first constituent assembly faced, were about:
1. Federalism
2. Representation
3. Separate or Joint
Electorate
4. The National
Language Issue
5. Parliamentary or
Presidential system
6. The Islamic or
Secular State
1: Federalism
There was consensus on
federalism but yet there were many issues to be settled. The main was
that Pakistan East Pakistan
(with more population, less territory
but administratively
one unit) and West Pakistan (administratively
4 units). Federalism is meant to
accommodate such kind
of diversity maintaining the unity of the state or country.
Division of power:
It was the most
difficult question that how the power would be divided between Centre
and the Provinces.
The heritage of British rule gave the tradition of a Strong Centre. But the
provinces were
demanding more Autonomy and Provincial Rights.
In the Interim
Constitution and the 1956 Constitution tradition of strong centre continued.
2: Representation
Representation at the
federal level was another conflicting issue because East
Pakistan and
Western part of Pakistan West Pakistan were also different
in population and
size. All of them
were sensitive to their representation and provincial autonomy.
To have a Standard
Formula for the representation of units and population the Constituent
Assembly (CA) formed
a Basic Principle Committee (BPC) on March 12, 1949 . The primary task
of this committee was
to frame a set of basic principles for the future constitution of Pakistan
3: Separate or Joint
Electorate
Separate electorate
was adopted on the demand of Muslims in 1909 by the British Government.
But the minorities
did not favour this after independence. Religious elements supported this as a
part of heritage.
East: decided for
Joint Electorate.
West: Separate
electorate.
1957: Joint
Electorate was adopted for all Pakistan
4: The National
Language Issue
Pre-independence:
Muslim elite all over India
would be the national
language but provinces could use their languages.
Opposition against
Urdu was there in East Bengal . This became
more pronounced after the death
of Jinnah as
controversies erupted on constitution making. Language Movement started in East
There was a complaint
about anti Bengali language attitude of the federal government.
Two-language formula
was adopted in 1954. Since 1973 Urdu was adopted as national language
along with the
support for development of regional languages.
5: Parliamentary or
Presidential
There was a consensus
for parliamentary system. But there was a limited demand for presidential
system. Supporters of
Presidential system became dominant after the 1958 military takeover.
The 1962 Constitution
was a Presidential constitution.
7: The Islamic or
Secular State
From the very
beginning of Pakistan Movement there was an agreement that the state will have
close relationship
with Islam. Muslims defined their national identity with reference to Islam and
its heritage. Some
opposition came from the Congress members of the Constituent Assembly,
and a few
secularists.
There was a BROAD
AGREEMENT that the state will identify itself with Islam. The Constituent
Assembly took time to
define the precise relationship between the state and Islam.
Question No: 40 ( Marks: 10 )
Write
down a Comprehensive note on
1: Natural Resources
_
Mineral
Resources
_
Rivers
and Canals
_
Forests
_
Animals
2: Agriculture
1: Natural Resources:
The resources endowed
by the nature to the country and the people are called National
Resources, e.g.,
Mineral resources, rivers, forests and animals. Agricultural lands hold key to
development and
prosperity of a country.
The rate of
development and prosperity of a country depends on efforts to make use of it.
Effective management
and human efforts are needed to avail them. Modern technology is also
required to make use
of it.
Mineral Resources:
remains to be done
for the search for more. Some important resources are:
• Iron Ore
quantity and low
quality. Most of the required Iron ore is imported from abroad. Its
deposits are found in
Chitral, Chaghai, Kohat, Kurram Agency, Mardan, Hazara,
Mianwali (Kalabagh)
and DG Khan.
• Chromite: is used in
preparing other metals, leather tanning, making of steel
products, armament
and stainless steel. The deposits of Chromite are found in Zoab
(Muslim Bagh),
Chaghai, Malakand, Mahmand, Waziristan , Fort
Sandaman etc.
• Gypsum is used for
plaster of Paris, Paints and Cement. It is found in Jhelum ,
Mianwali, DG Khan,
Kohat and Loralai.
• Sulphur is used by
chemical industry. Its deposits are found in Kalat, Khairpur,
Mardan, and Jacobabad
etc.
• Coal is used in power
generation. It is basically used as fuel. It is not found in
good quantity and
quality. It is mostly found in Sindh (Thatta, Tharparkar, Manara)
Balochistan (Deegari,
Sharig, Soer, Khost, Maach, Hernai), Punjab
(Makarwal, Dandot),
NWFP (Cherat and
Noshera).
• Oil: It is a major
source of energy. It is mostly imported from Iran
states. Now some
valuable reserves are found in Jhelum ,
Mianwali, Attock, Balkasar,
Mial, Chakwal, and
Dhodak.
• Gas: it is itself a
source of energy and fuel, and also used as a source of power
generation. It is
found in Sui, Mari, Uch, Khairpur, Jacobabad etc. Now some new
discoveries are also
found.
• Uranium: It is the
basic element for atomic power, indispensable for the defence.
Its deposits are in
DG Khan, Hazara and Kohat.
Rivers:
The river system of Pakistan Indus and other associated
rivers. We have a welldefined
Canal system. The
most important one is the Indus
Basin
What we require is
the proper management of water, its conservation, effective use, storage,
dams and flood
control. Water is dangerous if it is too much, it become a problem if it is too
little.
It is used for
Agriculture where it is the backbone of agro-economy. It is also a cheapest
source of
hydroelectric Power
generation.
Forests:
Normally 25 percent
area of a country should be covered with forest. But in Pakistan
5 percent.
Some areas are not
suitable for plantation like deserts and dry mountains. It is because of
shortage of water and
rainfall. Deforestation is also due to unplanned cutting of trees.
Advantages:
Forests have many
advantages. They are helpful in improvement of weather. Protect against
windstorms, help in
slow melting of snow to stop floods. They add greenery, beauty and fresh air
to the environment.
Plants are source of food, medicine, timber, chemicals and fertilizers. They
are the homes of
animals, birds and insects. They are also used as fuel.
Animals:
Animals provide milk,
meat, hide and skins, wool etc. They are also used for agriculture and
transportation. They
are a source of foreign exchange.
Their proper breeding
requires planning and care. Animal husbandry and colleges of research are
established to breed
and cure useful species of animals. Department of Live Stock also provides
Support System for
raising animals both privately and through Government Projects. Government
farms and military
farms are also working for that purpose.
Fisheries:
It is also a source
of food and income. Department of fisheries also encourage private farmers to
invest in this field
and add to personal and national wealth.
Question No: 33 ( Marks: 2 )
Very shortly
highlight Pakistan
No state can live in isolation. There is a
need of interaction. The linkages between internal &
external environment
are very necessary to create harmonious relations among the peoples living
in the different
regions. The national interests and identity, economic reasons, peace and
stability
are the motives of
foreign policy of a country. Pakistan
Multilateral. It is
also a member of the UN and other international organizations.
Question No: 34 ( Marks: 3 )
Give details about the 1977 Elections and Agitation
1977 Elections and
Agitation:
As a result of elections
of 1977 PPP won the elections. But joint opposition blamed a mass
rigging in the
election results. They demanded fresh elections. Bhutto initially was stubborn
but
later showed
inclination to compromise but history has taken a U-turn. As he refused to
negotiate
the elected majority
party in 1971, now opposition refused to compromise and took the case to
the streets. Urban
shopkeepers, businessmen, students, women and even the intelligentsia
joined hands against
the government. The result was the third Martial Law and end of democracy.
Question No: 35 ( Marks: 3 )
Write a very brief note on the 2nd Constituent
Assembly 1955?
2nd Constituent
Assembly, June-July 1955
Ghulam Muhammad
called a Convention on May
10, 1955 . All its members were to be elected
indirectly (by the
provincial assemblies). In this way, the 2nd CA came into existence.
Question No: 36 ( Marks: 3 )
What is the situation of resources or budget
allocation in education sector of
Problem of Resources:
Resource allocation
for education is far from satisfactory. It is much less than what a large
number of countries
spend on education, especially those having developed after World War II.
Most of these
allocations go to salaries and administration.
Fewer amounts are
given for infrastructure, facilities of research and development.
Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 )
How do you explain "Diversity in the nature of
Territory" of Pakistan
Diversity in the
nature of territory:
• North and Northwest:
It includes Mountains of Himalayan and trans-Himalayan
Ranges, Korakoram
& Pamirs, which includes some of highest peaks like K2 ,
Nanga
Parbat etc.
• West: Baluchistan
Plateau is about 1000 feet in elevation with dry mountains
crossing it from
northeast to the southwest. Here very little rainfall occurs.
• Indus Plains: Main
agricultural region in the middle of the Indus
valley.
• The Potohar Plateau
is there in the East of upper Indus plains.
• In South East of
Indus Plains there is Deserts Thal, Cholistan and Thar.
Question No: 39 ( Marks: 10 )
Do you think that the
policy measures adopted by Ayub Khan became the reasons of his downfall?
Indo-Pakistan war started and at the end of
war Tashkand Pact was signed with India
were not satisfied
with this pact. They also resented the election results of 1965. Fruits of
economic development
were not distributed at masses level. Wealth of nation was concentrated
in a few hands. This
brought people to agitation and public demand resulted in resignation of the
president.
Question No: 40 ( Marks: 10 )
Draw attention to the
characteristics/features of the constitution of 1973?
Features of the Constitution
3.1. Parliamentary
System
It was a
parliamentary constitution having powerful Prime Minister (PM) as head of
government
with a very weak
President.
President must act on
the advice of PM. All his orders were to be countersigned by PM. Prime
Minister to be
elected by the NA.
PM exercised all
executive authority.
PM was answerable to
the NA.
In 1985, powers of
the President were increased. He enjoyed some discretion in appointments of
PM. He had power to
dissolve the NA. He had the powers of appointment of caretaker PM.
He gives his assent
to bills passed by the parliament or returns these.
3.2. President:
Must be at least 45
years of age, Muslim, qualified to become member of the NA. He is elected
by the Parliament and
the Provincial Assemblies for 5 years.
3.3. Parliament with
two houses:
• Upper House called
Senate. In this house equal representation is given to Provinces.
Seats are reserved
for the tribal areas, women and technocrats. Its original strength
was 63, which was
later raised to 87 and then 100.
Senate is elected
indirectly. It’s a permanent House as half of its members are elected
after three years.
• Lower House: National
Assembly is elected on population basis. Its Original strength
was 210 but now it is
342. NA is elected for five years.
• Senate: Indirect
elections
• National Assembly:
Direct elections
• Voting age for the
franchise is lowered from 21 to 18.
Parliament under 1973
constitution is a powerful legislative body. It enjoys all
legislative powers.
It has control of the executive through questions, resolutions,
parliamentary
committees etc.
• National Assembly is
more powerful than the Senate. Budget is presented before NA.
Cabinet is answerable
to National Assembly.
3.4. Federal System
Federation of Pakistan
Two lists are given
in the constitution: Federal list and Concurrent list. Residuary powers belong
to provinces.
3.5. Provincial
Structure:
Provincial Governors
are appointed by the President on the advice of the PM. Elected Chief
Minister exercises
executive powers. Parliamentary system is there in the provinces.
Size of the
provincial assemblies varies:
In 2002:
Sindh 168
NWFP 124
Balochistan 65
Enough provincial
autonomy is guaranteed. Tradition of strong centre continues.
Centre has emergency
powers. Governor’s rule can be imposed if the government cannot
function in the
provinces.
Provinces are
dependent on centre for Finances.
3.6. Principles of
Policy:
a. Islamic provisions
are provided in Principles of Policy. Foreign policy
principles are also
given under this heading.
3.7. Fundamental
Rights:
b. Fundamental Rights
are secured in the constitution and are implemented
through the highest
court.
3.8. Islamic
Provisions:
c. Title of the state
is Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
d. The objectives
resolution was the Preamble in the initial constitution but
through article 2-A
of 8th amendment it was inserted in the constitution in 1985.
e. Islam was declared
the State Religion of Pakistan.
f. Definition of
Muslim was included by an amendment.
g. Principles of
Policy also carry some Islamic clauses.
h. Council for
Islamic Ideology is established under the constitution.
i. Federal Shariat
Court was added in 1981.
3.9. National
Language:
j. Urdu is declared
National Language, however English may be used for
official purposes
until arrangements would be made for its replacement by Urdu.
k. Provincial
Assembly may prescribe measures for teaching, promotion
and use of a
provincial language in addition to the national language.
3.10. National
Security Council:
l. National Security
Council was added in 2002 in advisory capacity.
3.11. Judiciary:
m. An independent
judiciary is given under the constitution. Supreme Court
of Pakistan
and one in Azad
Kashmir. A chain of lower courts is there under the high courts.
Question No: 31( Marks: 2 )
Tell very shortly about the Modern Technology
Education
Modern Technology and
Education:
Technology education
means education of IT, Computers- software and hardware. IT and regular
education, Access to
knowledge and technical education.
Question No: 32 ( Marks: 2 )
What was the issue of Separate or Joint Electorate in
the begining years of
3: Separate or Joint
Electorate
Separate electorate
was adopted on the demand of Muslims in 1909 by the British Government.
But the minorities
did not favour this after independence. Religious elements supported this as a
part of heritage.
East: decided for
Joint Electorate.
1957: Joint
Electorate was adopted for all Pakistan
Question No: 33 ( Marks: 2 )
Who was Khawaja
Nazimuddine?
He was the governal
general of Pakistan
He was also the prime
minister of Pakistan
Question No: 34 ( Marks: 3 )
Highlight the
Shahabuddine Commission set up by Ayub Khan in 1960?
A Constitutional
Commission was established in February 1960 under the chairmanship of
Justice Shahabuddin,
former Chief Justice. The tasks assigned to the Commission were:
• To examine the causes
of failure of Parliamentary system.
• Recommend a new
system keeping in view the
(a) genius of people
(b) standard of
education
(c) internal
conditions of the country
(d) need of
development
Question No: 36 ( Marks: 3 )
Give your opinion about Pakistan
Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 )
Describe the
Presidential Referendum held in February1960?
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